You can feed CoolStance copra meal wet or dry. If you feed it wet, add abaout 3x the amount of water and leave it soak between feeds. Heep it out of the sun. You can leave it soak for 24 hours if you want, because it cannot "go off quickly". The oils are saturated, so they cant go rancid. Also, because ot contains very little sugat and starch, it will not go rancid. There is no need to keep it in the fridge.

you cannot do this with any other horse feed, because they all contain some amount of starch, and will bein to ferment and "go off"

regards

Dr Tim

I will just play around with amounts and see how he goes. The one I bought was called nutra cool, and is by the mob who does the mi feeds. I just put two cups into a bucket and 8 cups of water, kind of as an experiment to see how much water it would suck up! But if I can just wet it all down with the rest of the feed, I will just do that!

Thanks!
Puddles:)

I think there have been quality control problems with copra in the past. I had tried it a number of times over the years and there was a variety in the smell and feel of it depending on the brand. (some had a terrible burnt smell, lumpy etc)
My feed store now only sells the Cool Fuel (equipro) copra. I personally wouldn't touch anything else.

"Cool Fuel was fed to all horses on the Heritage Horse Ride around Australia in 2000. Each horse was fed 3.5 kg Cool Fuel, 1 kg cereal chaff (with no grain), 3 kg medium quality pasture hay and minerals and vitamins daily. All horses travelled 3500km over the 120 days of the ride, and were on different water, in different yards each day, on and off trucks and under general stress from constant travelling. Coat, body and hoof condition improved over the ride, indicating that Cool Fuel provided the energy required for performance, and that high levels of starch loading were NOT required."

I know Copra can be fed safely dry.... But how does the expansion of Copra effect the digestive system ?

***************************************************************

C... I agree, don't the darker coloured horses just go so beautiful when they are fed Copra, the colour it gives to my horses is another reason why I am a fan...

When I invented copra meal for horses over 20 years ago, the dilema was how to feed it. There was considerable controversy whether to feed it wet or dry. The answer is it is a matter of personal prefence. If you feed it dry, the horse will eat it in small amounts and then drink water. In all the years that we fed Cool Fuel, which has since been relabelled by us as Cool Stance, we have never recorded an incidence of digestive upset caused by the expansion of copra meal. To the contrary, because of the high water holding capacity of copra meal, it actually acts as a digestive aid, increasing the rate of passage through the gut, and minimising the effects of disorders such as sand colic.
Why does copra meal work?...because of the low NSC. I would be pleased to send you information about recent research that we have conducted with Cool Stance in this exciting new area of horse nutrition.

regards

Dr Tim

I have only heard one negative thing about it. The endurance people I know tried feeding their horses on it, and although they bloomed and kept their condition, the horses just weren't as fired up as they are on their alternate feed. They said the horses were boring, but did have energy.

They like their horses fired up so they have gone back to boiled corn and barley.

Sorry off the track but I am becoming a bit of a coconut nut.

I am pleased you had a chance to read our technical booklet on copra meal. As I am sure you know, copra meal is the white fleshy part of the coconut that has been heated (that is why it is brown) to extract the coconut oil, then dried then ground. It is not the husk and not the shell. The biggest problem with copra meal is that it is produced in third world countries, and the quality control and processing mathods vary between countries, and between processing mills. Traditionally, copra meal was sold in Europe as a filler in cattle diets. I was contracted by Coconut Products (CPL) in the mid 1980's to develop their copra meal into a high value product. Over the years, they implemented QA programs, and we regularly test for nutrient content, aflatoxin and salmonella. When I developed Cool Fuel, we only ever used the CPL copra meal for horses, because of its consistent high quality. The CPL copra meal was rebranded by us as CoolStance some years ago. There are other copra meals available, and much of the comment on forums such as this about inconsistent quality, simply reflects the different mills, and processing techniques. The issue about aflatoxin in New Zealand was to do with poor quality copra meal from Asia.

Your question about additional energy is a good one. Copra meal does not contain high levels of NSC (it is the only natural feed with levels < the recommended maximum 12%), and it provides energy from the oil. Coconut oil is unique in that it is saturated (will not go rancid) and is a mixture of MCT (medium chain triglycerides). MCT are a key part of human athlete diets, because they are absorbed very quickly. With high activity horses, the MCT cannot provide enough ATP (this is the form that the energy is delivered in the muscle cells) and so you have to feed an additional source of rapidly available energy. The challenge is to provide the additional energy, without causing NSC (Non structural carbohydrate ) overload, and then all the related disorders of colic, tying up, laminitis, fizzy behaviour etc. I have developed a product that balances the supply of ATP for both endurance and high rate activities. There are details about GoStance on our website.

If anyone wants, I would be pleased to send out a copy of the technical booklet that you referred to.

The recent work on NSC levels in horsefeeds as the one of the prime causal agents for obesity, insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance in horses is very exciting. The cause and effect is along the same lines as obesity, and diabetes in humans and pets. I have just returned from the US, where the term EMS (Equine matabolic sysndrome) has been adopted to try and part cover the issue of overfeeding soluble sugars and starches.

Regards

Dr Tim

I have ridden and trained horses in lots of different diciplines, endurance being one of them, which I have ridden and trained at FEI level. I have won numerous rides and trained and conditioned horses so they are ready to compete overseas...

Whilst Copra has not been the only food that was fed to the horses, it was fed at a ration of 2 kg a day to all of them.

When horses are expected to compete at a high level, inparticular at a fast pace, they need to not only be very fit, but have enough condition in reserve to keep them going... Copra is fantastic for keeping the condition. After rides we always increase the ratio of Copra for the three days after, it is fantastic at holding condition so your horse does not fatigue.

I also have Showjumpers and Dressage horses, which are big, so they need lots of food, Copra is a product that I use hand in hand with Hay, Chaff and Oat n Chaff, I use these as my base feeds... A diet based just on this keeps horses well conditioned.

I then use another feeding regime developed by one of my other favourite feed companys, to add on top of this base diet, as I call it, which assists with the other needs for performance horses in competition.

*************************************************************

When I was in Vanuatu recently, the other thing I was shown was after the coconut paddocks where stripped the horses were put in their to feed... To me it looked as though there was not much to eat, although they were so fat and shiny.... I was really interested in what they were saying, but was having a bit of a language barrier problem, I can only speak English, Italian and Arabic and the person who took me out mostly spoke French, he was saying something which I am sure was really relevant to these paddocks and the horses, but I was struggling ... Does anyone know what the relevance to the coconut paddocks and the horse benefits are ? The race horses were owned by people from the Asia Pacific and where spelling briefly before going back to the trainers.

Coconuts are facinating

Horses dont read nutrition books, and I applaud your courage to follow common sense. Good quality copra has abour 23% crude protein, 30% of which is "soluble", that is digested very quickly. Because the copra meal has been heated during the oil extration process, the remaining 70% of teh protein is digested more slowly over the day.
Further, when you calculate the total protein intake from the copra and the pasture, it averages about 10% protein. If the protein content in copra was a problem, then the horses would have told us about it years ago. Copra has been used for years now with success...just ask for success stories.
I am pleased you horse has responded as it should. Copra is safe, and natural, and the results are predictable. The variable results from feeding copra come from either a poor quality copra, or feeding too much grain (NSC)
Regards
Dr Tim

copra is low in calcium, however when you calculate the total calcium intake from the hay and pasture, the Ca:P ratio is usually adequate. If you are concerned about the minerals and vitamins, use a high quality trace mineral mix.

Regards

Dr Tim

Not sure if this is true or just a rumor.

Found this, which answers my query.

Two horses died in New Zealand, and MAFF suspected that the cause was aflatoxin from copra meal. This was never proven. As I said before, there is a lot of variation in the quality of copra meal, and much of the Asian meal contains levels of aflatoxin >20ppb. CoolStance was first fed to horses in New Zealnd, but it was replaced some years ago with cheaper Asian copra meal, imported principally for dairy cows. MAFF in New Zealand has now placed a limit on the amount of copra meal that can be fed, unless the aflatoxin level can be assured. Aflatoxins can be found in hay, peanuts, and most feeds and result from poor harvesting and storage techniques.
I suggest that you ask for a vendor declaration and testing results for the copra you buy. CoolStance is routinely tested for nutrients, Aflatoxin and Salmonella.
More a review of all the technical information we developed on copra meal over the pat 20 years I refer you to www.stanceglobal.com

Regards
Dr Tim

What is now emerging that the sugars, starch and fructans in feeds with a NSC >12% are the prime cause of the metabolic disorders; fizzy behaviour, colic, leaky bowel, tying up, laminitis, cushings, etc. This all starts by overfeeding young horses with high levels of NSC, which causes insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance.
I visited a barn last week in the US, where the owner had had horses with laminitis, tying up, obesity, and bad behaviour. They like you did the research, and followed the recommendations. They buy only low NSC tested hay (with no seed head), they have taken all feeds containing any grains out of their barn (to avoid the temtation of feeding just a little bit). They feed approx 2 kg copra (coolStance)/day, and have found that they now feed 1/3 less hay per day (these are stabled horses). They say they have to be vigilant not to introduce high NSC feeds, because they will set their horses off immediatley.
The realisation now is that in many cases, we are overfeeding our horses, they are not getting enough work, they are becoming obese, which is setting off insulin. That is, we are literally killing our horses with kindness.
I refer you to the website www.safergrass.org which talks a lot about why our pastures (that were developed to grow cattle) cause major problems in horses.
Regards
Dr Tim

Now do you swear to me, that this is all good to do Dr Tim ????

I dont know what else you are feeding, or how much you are feeding, but, most horses are fed CoolStance dry (just for convenience). We recommend that you put the feed bucket away from the water, it makes the horse slow down and drink water during eating. How did your horse go?

If you are travelling horses a lot, and have trouble getting them to drink the different water at each place you stop, the trick is to put a some copra meal into the water, ie makes a very wet slurry and they will get some fluids that way. In the US, we have purposely only promoted dry feeding, and in a pellet form (because the Americans arent used to feeding powders/ meals)

regards

Dr Tim

Not trying to diss a great product here, just wanting people's thoughts.

We are having terrible weather here at the moment, but my gelding has been through two previous seasons, just as bad, without any dilemmas. I originally put my new mare on copra - a 2L bucket a day. She absolutely bloomed, her coat darkened (she's a "white" grey no spot appy, and went almost gunmetal), she put on weight in all the right places.... and as soon as the crappy weather hit - *boom* down with really bad rain scald. This was mid January. The gelding, because of his frequent feed intolerances and obese status, was given NO copra.

I persisted with the copra and the mare for about a fortnight, with no success in ridding the mare of the scald (tried everything, as some may remember). Decided to give the gelding a little copra in his feed as I wanted to switch him off of his bland pellets and just give him a half cup of copra to hide his supplement goodies. No change in temperament, which was such a bonus (even xtra cool pellets send him fizzy)... but within days the scald came busting out. Nowhere near what the mare had, and he's never had scald before.

After a week of this, I sent the horses out to a friend's place as I was house/horse sitting for them. As my friend had the horses for a week before I took over, and has so much guinea grass it wasn't funny, I took both horses off of the copra, brought back the "boring" pellets (because the other horses were all hand fed, so my lot demanded daily dinner as well - plus hide the goodies!)... the mare is still fat three weeks later, we've had even WORSE weather then before (flooding, lots of mud), and both horses are very slowly getting over teh scald. The gelding's is lingering but no hair loss/scabs. The mare is still bald, but growing a very fine downy coat now. Six and a half weeks later...

The weather was so bad I used Potties to protect the mare's bald skin. Every day, twice a day - Potties, potties, potties. Everything else washed off within minutes and she was burning in the sun so bad. Rugging was useless and rubbed her like crazy.

So, don't know if that was a contributing factor. We've always fed copra up north and always had terrible scald problems. For the two years I didn't feed copra to my gelding in Cairns, no scald. Could be the weather, could be the horse, could be that the mare's coat was so nice and slick and soft the water penetrated it easier. I love copra, so do the horses. But I won't feed it to them in the tropics during summer again. Makes the shed (and horses) smell good though.

Thoughts?

I thought the change in environment may of been a factor in their recovery, and no doubt it was, but why did the gelding break out when he never has before, and had been with the mare and her scald for at least a fortnight before he broke out himself? Both horses are from this region, they have shelter, good hay, I rugged them to prevent this (didn't work, took rugs away). The only link I could think of was the coat conditions brought on by feeding copra.

Bah. Another good product that I can't use.

Sorry to hear all is not well with your horses. There have a been a lot of scalded horses in the North because of the amount of rain you have had. I would need to know more about your situation. Please give us a call if you like.

You did the right thing, as with any feed, if you have concerns stop feeding it. I have not heard before about horses on copra being more susceptbile to rain scald before, but I am keen to see what we can find out. I have heard that some horses get "hives", and some dont like copra, and I recommend that they dont feed it.

With your gelding, you have to start at the beginning. The pasture may have levles of NSC that are just too high. In that case, you have to restrict grazing times. Feed only medium quality hay (<12% NSC) without any seed heads. take out all feeds that contain sugars and starch. dont be misled by the name, most so called cool feeds contain mill run, or grain (either processed or unprocessed). Read the label to see what is in it. There are very few feeds that provide energy, and low NSC. These include sugar beet pulp (without the molasses), copra meal, and soybean hulls.

I will see what I can learn about scalding. Thnaks for yor observations.

Regards
Dr Tim

Good question. You look at the total Ca, P, and lysine intake from all the ingredients in the diet. In most cases, with medium quality pasture, the Ca:P ration, and intake is correct. If you are concerned, use a high quality TMV supplement.
Lysine levels are low, but again it depends on the total intake.
There are a lot of people using copra for foals, weanlings, and brood mares. The reason is that they now realise that overfeeding NSC from an early age is contributing to major problems (particularly leg problems). The initial subclinical effects are not even noticeable, the bacteria in the gut change, the horse may get leaky gut, become fizzy, and then start down the road of insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance. Not all horses get it to the same extent, but it is diet related. There is a lot of information on the net about all this.

regards

Dr Tim

Feeding dry went really well.

I have one horse which just scoffs his food, normally he sucks his copra down like soup. The copra fed to him dry sorted the problem out... It mixed through the rest of his grain with his help, the oil and maybe the moisture in the other food or something made it turn more into a moist/ dry crumble and he really slowed up with his eating which was really good...

The horses spent more time eating, which pleased me...

Great news. And congratulations on your observation. Feeding dry slows down the rate of eating, as nature intended. Horses are designed to eat small amounts often over the day, because they only have a small stomach. They werent designed to eat "large" meals of high nutrient feed in 2 meals a day, which is what most people do when they feed morning and night. This means that there are large "peaks" in nutrient absorption, which in some cases such as NSC can cause overload, and then the metabolic disorders. Feeding more frequently is often not practical, but if you are aware of the potential impact, then you can select feeds to slow down the rate on nutrient intake, and nutrient absorption.

Well done..and trust your horse..it will tell you.

Regards

Dr Tim

And, could you also explain in more detail how the protein in copra is metabolised??? Fascinating to read about this!!!

Thanks!

:) CJ

Sorry.. I have been away

look up www.stanceequine.com.au for GoStance

With protein, it is absorbed as amino acids only in the small intestines. There are different types of amino acids, specific to particular functions eg the sulphur amino acids are partly for hair and hoof growth, the gluconeogenic amino acids can provide glucose.

Under most circumstances, the horse will eat a balanced diet, unless it is under of over fed, and not worked.

I would be pleased to send you one of our nutrition books

regards

Dr Tim

Thanks to Dr Tim, who put an end to this myth, I am now feeding dry copra in my horses feed, it slows up the greedy ones and they are all alive and well.

I have no idea why anyone now wants to lug heavy buckets of wet feed around... Not me any more

Kiss, Kiss to Dr Tim

Thats great that you are happy feeding dry copra and Im sure it wont kill any horses but there is no need to insinuate that those of us who soak our copra are wasting our energy.

(o:

Me, I will probably have to, due to the lack of weight I no longer lift

How you feed it is totally up to you, I am sure your horses love you for making it wet for them.

I was just saying that I always used to wet mine, my horses used to slurp it up like a thick soup, they loved it like that.

But now that I feed it dry, they actually take their time eating their food, it now takes my piggy horse way longer to eat, which I think is positive. I feel that it is more metabolically better to feed my horse this way, over the other way.

Pulling back, snorting at everything in sight, spooking, inattentive..... my goodness.

I'm pleased everyone else has success with it but it sure as hell did not work for me. And I'm not talking large amounts either- probably half a scoop maximum for a 550 kg horse in moderate work 5 times/wk. A pity because it is cheap and effective way to have them hold their weight.

And can you explain in greater detail how the protein in copra is digested please???? You mentioned 30% is rapidly digested and the other 70% more slowly. How is this??????

:) CJ

Can you answer this question for me. Why do the people at Weight Lifter advise you not to use Copra with their product?

I used to feed copra until I sold my mare at xmas time last year. Had fantastic results with it. I always fed it wet though, never dry and never had temperament problems or colic etc. I did find the mare went off it though when she was yarded all the time but went straight back on it happily when she went back to the paddock. I don't have an explanation for this.

After reading this post, I'm definately considering starting my TB hack that I'm trying to condition on it, but with anything new I'm concerned about it heating him up(even though I know it's not meant to be heating). My only problem is I feed him WL and the people there specifically say not to feed copra with WL so what to do???

A good example of this is the reems of what I now believe is mostly mis-information in regards to old fashioned oats. I would never have dreamed of trying it until I heard comments from people using it on this forum. It certainly benefited many feed producers to downgrade oats as a preferred feed which was used by generations of horse owners before our time.

WL and Copra should not be feed together for the same reason that you do not feed lucerne chaff or prime lucerne hay with WL or Copra - it is simply an excess of protein.

Same reason you should not feed more than one complete feed concentrate, such as the people who 'mix there own feed' by mixing 2 or 3 complete feeds together to create an imbalanced diet.

Sorry that it is not something more exciting than that.

I cannot comment on what WeighLifter think.
CoolStance copra meal is of assured quality, and can be fed in place of most feeds to over 90% of horses. It is safe, proven and uncomplicated. The major problem is it is too simple. It contains less than 12% NSC, and so can be fed to most horses without predisposing the horse to NSC (sugar and starch) related disorders. It is worth asking for the NSC analysis of feeds...the latest research shows this is the hidden culprit in horse feeds that is causing most of the metabolic disorders. (see the latest Equus article on laminitis).
Regards

Dr tim

I am sorry ..the GoStance is on the new website that is being updated. Please email amanda@stanceglobal.com and she will help you.

If you look at the feed analyses published by Dairy One http://www.dairyone.com/Forage/FeedComp/MainLibrary.asp, they refer to soluble protein. When proteins are heat treated, some of the protein is denatured, and degraded more slowly. The protein value is not altered, unless overheated. I suspect that a lot of the difference between low NSC hays and alfalfa (lucerne) hays is the soluble protein component. This is currently not included in the NSC calculations, but I think a lot of the differences between feeds is also due to the soluble protein, as well as the soluble sugars and starch. I would be pleased to send you the articles on all of this.

Regards

Dr Tim

Savvy would get really hot off all other feeds, even "cool" feeds like coprice pellets, and other supposedly "cool mix" pellets. She was almost uncontrollable and you were fighting her a lot of the time. Now she's on just copra she's a whole lot more reliable and much more cooperative when I ride her. She's settled down a lot since going on copra and we have whole weeks where there are no "silly" episodes.

Oh and her condition is fantastic! She has the softest healthiest coat, and even muscle tone. She's looking great after 3 months back in work - even though she has had a terrible time with abcesses in those 3 months but I've taken her shoesies off now so no more issues!

I always feed copra wet. It expands to 3x its volume when added to water so 1cup dry copra makes 3 cups wet copra. I kinda just think of eating a whole lot of potato chips and not having anything to drink after... it wouldn't feel very nice! Thats just me, I figure whats the harm in wetting it down. I'd rather wet it down and not risk anything happening than feed it dry and possible colic my horse. Won't I feel like a tool if that happened!!

That DairyOne link you posted doesnt work unfortunately.

:) CJ

The more people who ask the question, and the more people with the awareness to look for low NSC feed products, these companies with come to the party.

Who do they make the feeds for?

Who buys there feeds and keeps their company viable?

If they cannot provide what their customers need, there customers will go elsewhere to companies who will provide the information they require.

NSC levels are one of the most important pieces of information you can have on a feed product. We work with lamintic horses and have no end of trouble getting this information on feeds.

Many of the processed products that are reccomended for laminitic horses are high in NSC, some even having molasses in them. When it comes to feeding lamintic and IR horses, it is a mine feild.

There is much misinformation when it comes to feeding these horses and the majority go on suffering LGL, this is the cause of people beleiving that it cannot be fixed.

I put my lovely black mare down only 3 weeks back due to chronic founder. I just went in circles with the feed companies when I wanted advice!!!

More horse owners need to ask, demand and question the feed companies so that NSC% info is stated on the bag of every horse feed available/sold on the Australian market, just like protein, ME/kg, calcium levels etc!!!!

:) CJ

NSC is non structural carbohydrtaes, and is a measure of starch and water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) (sugars and fructans). We send our feeds to Dairy One in the US to have them measured for NSC. (see www.dairyone.com). The "safe level" of NSC for horses is about 12%. There are very few feeds that have a NSC below 15. CoolStance has a NSC of 11.1 (see http://www.safergrass.org/CoolStance.html). In the US, groups like Safergrass offer feed testing programs for feeds and hays. A lot of people now demand feed tests for their hay and feeds, because a lot of hays have high levels of NSC.
There has been a study done recently where a lot of so called "Cool" Australian horse feeds were sent to Dairy One for NSC analysis. The results show the NSC levels vary from about 25% to almost 50%. If you email me I will send you a copy of the results. These results show that NSC levels vary, and that people need to be very careful selecting a feed that meets the work level of the horse.
Delta..I am sad you had to put you mare down with laminitis.
We can no longer accept the argument that we can feed what out grandfather did...feeds have changed, and in most cases our horses arent worked like they were 100 years ago.

regards

Dr Tim

the dairy one link is http://www.dairyone.com/Forage/FeedComp/MainLibrary.asp
if that does not work type in dairy one into google.
Price is no excuse not to offer NSC results.
see me post below. email me and I will send you the results of a recent survey of NSC in some Australan "Cool" horse feeds.

regards

Dr Tim

Assuming the meadow hay is of good quality, and your horses are getting medium levels of exercise, you then need protein, energy and maybe minerals and vitamins. In our feeding book, a simple, cheap option is to feed to hay, plus 1- 3 kg/day of CoolStance (plus TMV if you want). If you want to check this, ask Dr Nerida Richards to enter this into her nutrition calculator.
For the foundered pony, be very careful with the NSC level in your hay. check there are no seed heads. Feed hay plus 1kg CoolStance per day. For the brood mare, watch her weigh and condition, you can easliy feed 3 kg/day plus TMV.

Email amanda@stanceglobal.com and she will send you a copy of teh feeding booklet.
As you increase work levels, you can introduce some "grain based" feeds...but be careful to balance the feed work ratio.

regards

DrTim

Feeding lucerne is always a conundrum. The observations are that feeding high quality (racehorse) lucerne can contribute to tying up, laminitis etc. For that reason, the recommendation is to feed medium to lower quality lucerne hay, or medium quality pasture hay (that does not contain seed heads). I suggest you buy medium quality hay (lucerne plus grass hay). The observation in the US, with the high prices of hay was that feeding CoolStance copra reduced hay intake by about 1/3. I presume this was due to the increased DE from the CoolStance, and the increased digsetibility of the hay.

regards

DrTim

Drought affected grasses and cereal crops are also a high risk as the plant has stored high levels of NCS in preparation for the grain/seed that didn't eventuate.

This hay will still need soaking to remove sugars with a laminitic horse/pony.

Poor quality hay is not an option as it does not mean low NSC and it can often equal higher levels due to stress during the growing.

Time of day it is cut has a huge effect on NSC levels in hay, it is very difficult o be sure of these levels in your hay - safer to soak it and remove the risk of setting of a cycle of damage within the laminar connection.

We have started a clients horse on Copra, this is the first time I have tried this with a laminitic case.

Will be great if it works out as I am sick to death of the so called laminitic/founder feeds causing relapses in these horses.

This horse needs his calorie intake lifted and is very reactive to any sugars, also gives hope to his owner that she will have a safe and easy option for him when he returns home.

I would very much like the information regarding NSC levels in some of the so called safe feeds.

The secret to copra is that it is safe and simple. Coolstance copra contains about 10% coconut oil, 11.1% NSC, and 15 MJ DE. Therefore, it provides DE from the oil, but is one of the lowest NSC, high energy feeds available. If stored correctly it does not go rancid, because the oil is saturated. Coconut oil gives unique benefits. Not all copra is the same, so as for all feeds, ask for feed tests, including NSC and aflatoxin. If you email amanda@stanceglobal.com she will send you a technical booklet.

Regards

Dr Tim